The Ledger

Yea (345) — Finance Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 192 Democrats — $461K avg — (41.1%) — (52.5%)
• 153 Republicans — $383K avg — (40.2%) — (45.6%)

Nay (41) — Finance Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 1 Democrat — $1.6M avg — (29.1%) — (58.0%)
• 40 Republicans — $191K avg — (29.4%) — (58.7%)

On March 17, 2026, the House voted 345-41 to pass the Small Business Innovation and Economic Security Act, expanding federal programs that help small businesses access capital, develop technology, and compete with larger firms.

The average Yea voter had received twice the finance industry money of the average Nay voter — $425K vs $226K. The Yea side was notably more PAC-funded (41% vs 29%) and less grassroots-funded (49% vs 59%).

This was a broadly bipartisan vote, with 153 Republicans joining 192 Democrats. The 40 Republican Nay voters were more grassroots-funded than their Republican colleagues who voted Yea — a pattern consistent across the Ledger.

Josh Gottheimer (D-NJ) led all Yea voters with $6.0M in finance money — one of the most finance-heavy members of Congress. Ritchie Torres (D-NY, $3.8M) and Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY, $2.1M) — the House Minority Leader — rounded out the top 3.

Top Yea Recipients (Finance)

• Josh Gottheimer (D-NJ) — $6.0M
• Ritchie Torres (D-NY) — $3.8M
• Hakeem Jeffries (D-NY) — $2.1M
• Josh Harder (D-CA) — $2.1M
• Jared Golden (D-ME) — $1.9M

The lone Democratic Nay voter was Lizzie Fletcher (D-TX) with $1.6M in finance money — more than any individual Yea voter except Gottheimer.

Explore the full Finance industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (209) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 209 Democrats — $426K avg — (40.2%) — (52.7%)

Nay (215) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 215 Republicans — $107K avg — (37.6%) — (48.8%)

On January 13, 2026, the House voted 209-215 against the Tipped Employee Protection Act. The bill would have barred employers from taking money out of workers' tips.

The average Yea voter had received 4x the labor money of the average Nay voter — $426K vs $107K. This was a clean party split, but still a strong labor-money story.

The Yea side was slightly more PAC-funded and more grassroots-funded than the Nay side. Democratic supporters also included many of the House members with the deepest labor ties.

Thomas Suozzi (D-NY) led all Yea voters with $1.3M in labor money, followed by Donald Norcross (D-NJ, $1.2M), Steven Horsford (D-NV, $1.1M), Mark Pocan (D-WI, $986K), and Val Hoyle (D-OR, $955K).

Explore the full Labor industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (209) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 209 Democrats — $426K avg — (40.2%) — (52.7%)

Nay (213) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 213 Republicans — $107K avg — (37.5%) — (48.8%)

On January 13, 2026, the House voted 209-213 against the Empowering Employer Child and Elder Care Solutions Act. The bill would have expanded tax-advantaged help for childcare and elder care costs.

The average Yea voter had received 4x the labor money of the average Nay voter — another clean labor-money split.

As with other labor-heavy votes, the Yea side combined stronger labor ties with slightly higher PAC share and stronger grassroots backing than the Republican opposition.

Thomas Suozzi (D-NY) led all Yea voters with $1.3M in labor money, followed by Donald Norcross (D-NJ, $1.2M), Steven Horsford (D-NV, $1.1M), Mark Pocan (D-WI, $986K), and Val Hoyle (D-OR, $955K).

Explore the full Labor industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (369) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 202 Democrats — $422K avg — (40.5%) — (52.5%)
• 167 Republicans — $123K avg — (39.0%) — (47.3%)

Nay (22) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 0 Democrats
• 22 Republicans — $18K avg — (30.3%) — (60.0%)

On January 12, 2026, the House passed the Remote Access Security Act 369-22. The bill tightens cybersecurity rules for federal employees working remotely, requiring stricter protocols to access government systems and documents from outside the office.

All 202 Democrats voted Yea — joined by 167 Republicans. The 22 Nay votes came entirely from Republicans, the most libertarian-leaning members of the caucus.

Per member, the average Yea voter had received 16x the labor industry money of the average Nay voter — $287K vs $18K. The Yea side also carried higher PAC+IE rates (40% vs 30%) and lower grassroots funding (50% vs 60%).

Tom Suozzi (D-NY) led Yea voters with $1.3M in labor money, followed by Donald Norcross (D-NJ, $1.2M) — a former union electrician. On the Republican side, Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA, $1.1M) was the top labor-funded Yea voter.

Top Yea Recipients (Labor)

• Tom Suozzi (D-NY) — $1.3M
• Donald Norcross (D-NJ) — $1.2M
• Steven Horsford (D-NV) — $1.1M
• Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA) — $1.1M
• Mark Pocan (D-WI) — $986K

The 22 Nay voters were led by Chip Roy (R-TX, $103K in labor money) and Lauren Boebert (R-CO, $55K). The median Nay voter had received just $12K.

Explore the full Labor industry page to see where this money flows.

Nay (83) — Finance Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 36 Democrats — $1.6M avg — (18.4%) — (69.8%)
• 45 Republicans — $1.3M avg — (33.9%) — (47.8%)

Yea (14) — Finance Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 7 Democrats — $612K avg — (8.2%) — (75.3%)
• 5 Republicans — $489K avg — (19.4%) — (66.3%)

On October 9, 2025, the Senate voted 14-83 to reject the Student Loan Bond Expansion Act of 2026. The amendment needed a 3/5 majority and fell far short.

The 83 senators who killed it averaged nearly 3x the finance industry money of those who supported it — $1.4M vs $560K. Finance money made up 12% of Nay voters' total known industry funding, one of the highest salience scores in the Ledger.

Both sides were heavily grassroots-funded, but the Nay side had a dramatically higher PAC rate — 27% vs 14% for Yea. The Republican Nay voters were the most PAC-funded at 34%.

The small bipartisan coalition of 14 Yea voters included an unusual mix: Christopher Murphy (D-CT, $1.6M) and Josh Hawley (R-MO, $992K) — two senators who rarely align. Jeff Merkley (D-OR, $967K) and Maria Cantwell (D-WA, $866K) rounded out the top Democratic Yea voters.

Top Nay Recipients (Finance)

• Raphael Warnock (D-GA) — $7.5M
• Jon Ossoff (D-GA) — $5.0M
• Lindsey Graham (R-SC) — $4.4M
• Adam Schiff (D-CA) — $4.3M
• Chuck Schumer (D-NY) — $4.1M

Top Yea Recipients (Finance)

• Christopher Murphy (D-CT) — $1.6M
• Josh Hawley (R-MO) — $992K
• Jeff Merkley (D-OR) — $967K
• Maria Cantwell (D-WA) — $866K
• Roger Marshall (R-KS) — $717K

The Georgia senators — Warnock and Ossoff — led the Nay side with a combined $12.5M in finance money. Both were elected in the 2020-21 special elections that drew massive financial sector spending.

Explore the full Finance industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (43) — Education Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 42 Democrats — $800K avg — (17.0%) — (70.8%)
• 1 Republican — $15K avg — (30.9%) — (61.1%)

Nay (51) — Education Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 0 Democrats
• 50 Republicans — $108K avg — (32.6%) — (49.5%)

On July 16, 2025, the Senate voted 46-51 to reject the CCAMPIS Reauthorization Act — a program that funds childcare services for students at colleges and universities, helping parents stay in school.

The 43 senators who voted Yea averaged 7x the education money of those who voted Nay — $786K vs $108K. This was an almost perfectly partisan vote: every Democrat voted Yea, every Republican but one voted Nay.

The Yea side was dramatically more grassroots-funded (71% vs 50%) and less PAC-funded (17% vs 33%). The education industry money here represents a meaningful portion of Democratic senators' funding portfolios.

Raphael Warnock (D-GA) led all Yea voters with $8.7M in education money — a former pastor and university trustee. Jon Ossoff (D-GA, $4.9M) and Angela Alsobrooks (D-MD, $2.0M) followed.

Top Yea Recipients (Education)

• Raphael Warnock (D-GA) — $8.7M
• Jon Ossoff (D-GA) — $4.9M
• Angela Alsobrooks (D-MD) — $2.0M
• Gary Peters (D-MI) — $1.9M
• John Fetterman (D-PA) — $1.8M

On the Nay side, Ted Cruz (R-TX) led with $432K in education money, followed by Lindsey Graham (R-SC, $369K) and Mitch McConnell (R-KY, $337K).

Explore the full Education industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (47) — Education Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 44 Democrats — $775K avg — (17.0%) — (70.7%)
• 0 Republicans listed among the top Yea recipients

Nay (53) — Education Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 0 Democrats
• 52 Republicans — $104K avg — (32.0%) — (50.5%)

On July 1, 2025, the Senate rejected the Student Loan Deduction Act 47-53. The amendment would have expanded the tax deduction available to Americans paying student loan interest.

The average Yea voter had received 7.3x the education money of the average Nay voter — $760K vs $104K. This was a sharply polarized vote, with Democratic support and Republican opposition.

The Yea side was much less PAC-funded and much more grassroots-funded than the Nay side. That makes it a strong example of an education-heavy coalition that still lined up clearly against a more corporate-funded opposition.

Raphael Warnock (D-GA) led all Yea voters with $8.7M in education money, followed by Jon Ossoff (D-GA, $4.9M), Angela Alsobrooks (D-MD, $2.0M), Gary Peters (D-MI, $1.9M), and John Fetterman (D-PA, $1.8M).

On the Nay side, Ted Cruz (R-TX) led with $432K, followed by Lindsey Graham (R-SC, $369K) and Mitch McConnell (R-KY, $337K).

Explore the full Education industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (69) — Crypto + Tech + Finance Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 18 Democrats — $4.9M avg — (17.2%) — (71.1%)
• 51 Republicans — $4.2M avg — (31.9%) — (50.7%)

Nay (28) — Crypto + Tech + Finance Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 26 Democrats — $1.4M avg — (16.2%) — (70.8%)
• 0 Republicans

On March 4, 2025, the Senate voted 69-28 to overturn an IRS rule requiring crypto brokers to report gross proceeds on digital asset sales. All 51 Republicans voted Yea — joined by 18 Democrats who crossed the aisle.

The average Yea senator had received 3x the combined crypto, tech, and finance money of the average Nay voter — $4.3M vs $1.3M. At 33.5% of Yea voters' total known industry funding, this cluster of industries represents by far the highest salience score in the Ledger — a third of these senators' industry money comes from the sectors that benefit most from lighter crypto regulation.

The 18 crossover Democrats are notable: their average of $4.9M actually exceeded the Republican average of $4.2M.

Ted Cruz (R-TX) led all Yea voters with $48.7M in combined crypto, tech, and finance money, followed by Tim Scott (R-SC, $19.3M). On the Democratic side, Raphael Warnock (D-GA, $17.7M) and Jacky Rosen (D-NV, $13.5M) led the crossover.

Top Yea Recipients (Crypto + Tech + Finance)

• Ted Cruz (R-TX) — $48.7M
• Tim Scott (R-SC) — $19.3M
• Raphael Warnock (D-GA) — $17.7M
• David McCormick (R-PA) — $13.8M
• Jacky Rosen (D-NV) — $13.5M

On the Nay side, Gary Peters (D-MI) had $4.1M — less than the average Yea voter. Tim Kaine (D-VA, $3.9M) and Maggie Hassan (D-NH, $3.0M) rounded out the top Nay recipients.

Explore the full Cryptocurrency industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (327) — Healthcare Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 175 Democrats — $491K avg — (41.1%) — (51.9%)
• 152 Republicans — $490K avg — (39.0%) — (47.6%)

Nay (30) — Healthcare Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 0 Democrats
• 30 Republicans — $209K avg — (30.0%) — (61.5%)

On December 18, 2024, the House voted 327-30 to pass the Stop Institutional Child Abuse Act. The bill criminalizes physical, mental, or sexual abuse of children in institutional settings.

The average Yea voter had received 2.3x the healthcare money of the average Nay voter — $490K vs $209K. The opposition came entirely from Republicans, but the money gap still held.

The Yea side was more PAC-funded and less grassroots-funded than the Nay side. That gives the vote a clear healthcare-money signature despite the broad support.

Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) led all Yea voters with $3.6M in healthcare money, followed by Tony Gonzales (R-TX, $3.0M), Frank Pallone (D-NJ, $2.7M), Kim Schrier (D-WA, $2.7M), and Brett Guthrie (R-KY, $2.6M).

Explore the full Healthcare industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (351) — Pharma + Healthcare Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 174 Democrats — $566K avg — (40.9%) — (52.0%)
• 177 Republicans — $530K avg — (38.0%) — (49.4%)

Nay (1) — Pharma + Healthcare Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 0 Democrats
• 1 Republican — $94K avg — (15.3%) — (77.6%)

On December 5, 2024, the House voted 351-1 to reauthorize the Office of National Drug Control Policy — the federal government's lead agency on anti-drug programs and trafficking enforcement.

The average Yea voter had received 6x the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry money of the lone dissenter — $548K vs $94K. At 11.5% of Yea voters' total known industry funding, pharma money is one of the most significant industry influences in this vote.

The Yea side was dramatically more PAC-funded (39% vs 15%) and less grassroots-funded (51% vs 78%).

Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) led with $3.8M in pharma + healthcare money, followed by Brett Guthrie (R-KY, $3.7M) — the top Republican on the Energy and Commerce health subcommittee. Frank Pallone (D-NJ, $3.2M) rounded out the top 3.

Top Yea Recipients (Pharma + Healthcare)

• Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) — $3.8M
• Brett Guthrie (R-KY) — $3.7M
• Frank Pallone (D-NJ) — $3.2M
• Tony Gonzales (R-TX) — $3.0M
• Richard Neal (D-MA) — $2.9M

The sole Nay voter was Tom McClintock (R-CA) with $94K — a consistent "no" vote on reauthorizations he views as expanding federal power.

Explore the full Pharmaceuticals industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (322) — Environmental Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 168 Democrats — $82K avg — (41.0%) — (52.4%)
• 154 Republicans — $12K avg — (38.7%) — (47.8%)

Nay (18) — Environmental Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 0 Democrats
• 18 Republicans — $5K avg — (28.4%) — (66.5%)

On December 3, 2024, the House voted 322-18 to pass the America’s Conservation Enhancement Reauthorization Act. The bill renewed federal conservation and wildlife protection programs.

The average Yea voter had received 9.6x the environmental money of the average Nay voter — one of the strongest clean ratios left in the unpublished pool.

The Yea side was more PAC-funded and substantially less grassroots-funded than the opposition. Even though the raw dollar totals are smaller than some other industries, the gap is stark.

Lucy McBath (D-GA) led all Yea voters with $2.0M in environmental money, followed by Jasmine Crockett (D-TX, $1.4M), Andrea Salinas (D-OR, $1.0M), Morgan McGarvey (D-KY, $979K), and Maxwell Frost (D-FL, $974K).

Explore the full Environmental industry page to see where this money flows.

Nay (194) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 169 Democrats — $472K avg — (39.9%) — (53.2%)
• 25 Republicans — $306K avg — (32.3%) — (55.4%)

Yea (156) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 3 Democrats — $251K avg — (40.2%) — (30.9%)
• 153 Republicans — $81K avg — (38.5%) — (49.0%)

On November 12, 2024, the House voted 156-194 on the Equal Treatment of Public Servants Act, which would have changed how Social Security calculates benefits for government workers. The bill failed.

This is a rare case where the Nay side held more industry money — the 194 members who voted against the bill averaged 5x the labor money of those who voted for it ($450K vs $85K). Democrats, who receive the bulk of labor funding, overwhelmingly opposed this bill alongside 25 crossover Republicans.

The labor money here represents 9.1% of Nay voters' total known industry funding — a significant chunk of their portfolios.

Thomas Suozzi (D-NY) led the Nay side with $1.3M in labor money, followed by Elissa Slotkin (D-MI, $1.2M) and Donald Norcross (D-NJ, $1.2M) — a former union electrician.

Top Nay Recipients (Labor)

• Thomas Suozzi (D-NY) — $1.3M
• Elissa Slotkin (D-MI) — $1.2M
• Donald Norcross (D-NJ) — $1.2M
• Steven Horsford (D-NV) — $1.1M
• Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA) — $1.1M

On the Yea side, Claudia Tenney (R-NY) led with $846K and Mariannette Miller-Meeks (R-IA) had $760K.

Explore the full Labor industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (332) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 170 Democrats — $476K avg — (39.5%) — (53.5%)
• 115 Republicans — $153K avg — (37.2%) — (49.5%)

Nay (79) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 4 Democrats — $460K avg — (59.4%) — (31.3%)
• 66 Republicans — $46K avg — (37.8%) — (51.2%)

On November 12, 2024, the House voted 332-79 to pass the Social Security Fairness Act, ending benefit reductions for public workers — teachers, firefighters, and government employees.

Per member, the average Yea voter had received 5x the labor money of the average Nay voter. Within the Republican caucus, those who voted Yea averaged 3.3x more labor money than those who voted Nay. Grassroots rates were similar across both sides — the funding gap was driven by industry money, not small donors.

Donald Norcross (D-NJ, $1.2M in labor money, 50.6% PAC-funded) and Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA, $1.1M, 40.8% PAC-funded) — who agree on just 63% of votes — both voted Yea. Both rank among the top labor-funded members of their respective parties.

Top Yea Recipients

• Ruben Gallego (D-AZ) — $1.6M
• Tom Suozzi (D-NY) — $1.3M
• Elissa Slotkin (D-MI) — $1.2M
• Donald Norcross (D-NJ) — $1.2M
• Brian Fitzpatrick (R-PA) — $1.1M

Four Democrats bucked their party and voted Nay — but their average labor money was actually higher ($460K) than the Democratic Yea average, with the lowest grassroots rate of any group at just 31.3%. Among them: Lloyd Doggett (D-TX, $692K) and Hank Johnson (D-GA, $622K).

Yea (263) — Technology Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 94 Democrats — $488K avg — (39.2%) — (53.4%)
• 169 Republicans — $693K avg — (37.9%) — (49.8%)

Nay (75) — Technology Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 73 Democrats — $272K avg — (43.3%) — (50.8%)
• 2 Republicans — $345K avg — (26.9%) — (71.7%)

On September 9, 2024, the House voted 263-75 to pass the BIOSECURE Act. The bill would restrict American companies from doing business with certain Chinese biotech firms.

The average Yea voter had received 2.3x the technology money of the average Nay voter. That gap held even with a large Democratic bloc voting no.

The Yea side was slightly less grassroots-funded and more reliant on PAC-style money than the opposition. Republicans formed most of the support coalition, but pro-bill Democrats also averaged much more technology money than the Democratic opposition.

Mike Johnson (R-LA) led all Yea voters with $15.4M in technology money, followed by Elijah Crane (R-AZ, $11.1M) and Elissa Slotkin (D-MI, $10.5M).

Explore the full Technology industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (345) — Healthcare Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 177 Democrats — $515K avg — (40.3%) — (52.7%)
• 168 Republicans — $480K avg — (38.6%) — (48.3%)

Nay (12) — Healthcare Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 0 Democrats
• 12 Republicans — $171K avg — (25.3%) — (70.9%)

On May 15, 2024, the House voted 345-12 to reauthorize the Emergency Medical Services for Children program. The bill continues federal support for pediatric emergency training, coordination, and equipment.

The average Yea voter had received 2.9x the healthcare money of the average Nay voter — $498K vs $171K. The dissent came entirely from a small bloc of Republicans.

The Yea side was notably more PAC-funded and much less grassroots-funded than the Nay side. That made this a clean healthcare-industry split despite the lopsided final vote.

Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) led all Yea voters with $3.6M in healthcare money. Tony Gonzales (R-TX, $3.0M), Frank Pallone (D-NJ, $2.7M), Kim Schrier (D-WA, $2.7M), and Brett Guthrie (R-KY, $2.6M) rounded out the top tier.

Top Yea Recipients (Healthcare)

• Raja Krishnamoorthi (D-IL) — $3.6M
• Tony Gonzales (R-TX) — $3.0M
• Frank Pallone (D-NJ) — $2.7M
• Kim Schrier (D-WA) — $2.7M
• Brett Guthrie (R-KY) — $2.6M

On the Nay side, Andy Harris (R-MD) led with $621K — still only a fraction of the top Yea-side recipients.

Explore the full Healthcare industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (351) — Defense Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 170 Democrats — $101K avg — (41.5%) — (51.8%)
• 181 Republicans — $164K avg — (37.6%) — (49.9%)

Nay (10) — Defense Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 9 Democrats — $11K avg — (17.7%) — (68.8%)
• 1 Republican — $26K avg — (36.9%) — (61.9%)

On April 16, 2024, the House voted 351-10 to enforce sanctions against Iran, requiring stricter monitoring and penalties for sanctions evasion.

The average Yea voter had received 10x the defense industry money of the average Nay voter — $134K vs $13K. Defense money made up 2.7% of Yea voters' total known industry funding — a modest but real share that elevated this bill on our salience index.

The Yea side was significantly more PAC-funded (39% vs 18%) and less grassroots-funded (51% vs 69%). The 10 dissenters were overwhelmingly grassroots-funded Democrats.

Robert Wittman (R-VA) led all Yea voters with $1.8M in defense money, followed by Ken Calvert (R-CA, $1.2M) and Mike Rogers (R-AL, $1.1M). On the Democratic side, Adam Smith (D-WA) — the ranking member on Armed Services — had $803K.

Top Yea Recipients (Defense)

• Robert Wittman (R-VA) — $1.8M
• Ken Calvert (R-CA) — $1.2M
• Mike Rogers (R-AL) — $1.1M
• Robert Aderholt (R-AL) — $917K
• Adam Smith (D-WA) — $803K

Among the Nay voters, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-NY) had $48K in defense money, while Thomas Massie (R-KY) — the sole Republican dissenter — had $26K.

Explore the full Defense industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (351) — Energy Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 170 Democrats — $114K avg — (41.6%) — (51.7%)
• 181 Republicans — $238K avg — (37.6%) — (49.8%)

Nay (12) — Energy Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 11 Democrats — $42K avg — (24.7%) — (63.6%)
• 1 Republican — $31K avg — (36.9%) — (61.9%)

On April 16, 2024, the House voted 351-12 to pass the Solidify Iran Sanctions Act. The bill tightened restrictions on trade and commercial dealings linked to Iran.

The average Yea voter had received 4.3x the energy money of the average Nay voter. Given the sanctions focus, the energy connection is at least directionally consistent with the policy stakes.

The Yea side was more PAC-funded and less grassroots-funded than the dissenters. Both parties mostly backed the bill, but the money gap still favored the pro-sanctions side.

Mike Carey (R-OH) led the Yea side with $1.1M in energy money, followed by Frank Pallone (D-NJ, $895K), Paul Tonko (D-NY, $852K), Darin LaHood (R-IL, $809K), and Richard Neal (D-MA, $803K).

Explore the full Energy industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (333) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 177 Democrats — $435K avg — (40.7%) — (52.3%)
• 156 Republicans — $139K avg — (38.7%) — (47.6%)

Nay (21) — Labor Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 0 Democrats
• 21 Republicans — $26K avg — (28.5%) — (63.5%)

On April 9, 2024, the House passed the Stronger Workforce for America Act 333-21. The bill overhauls federal job training programs, directing more funding toward apprenticeships and skills development to help workers compete in a changing economy.

Every Democrat voted Yea. So did 156 Republicans — leaving just 21 holdouts on the Nay side.

Per member, the average Yea voter had received 12x the labor industry money of the average Nay voter — $308K vs $26K. The Yea side carried higher PAC+IE rates (40% vs 29%) and lower grassroots funding (50% vs 64%) — a clear corporate-funding tilt.

Ruben Gallego (D-AZ) topped the Yea side with $1.6M in labor money, followed by Tom Suozzi (D-NY, $1.3M) and Elissa Slotkin (D-MI, $1.2M).

Top Yea Recipients (Labor)

• Ruben Gallego (D-AZ) — $1.6M
• Tom Suozzi (D-NY) — $1.3M
• Elissa Slotkin (D-MI) — $1.2M
• Donald Norcross (D-NJ) — $1.2M
• Steven Horsford (D-NV) — $1.1M

On the Nay side, Brian Mast (R-FL) had the most labor money at $190K — still less than half the Yea average. Chip Roy (R-TX) and Tim Burchett (R-TN) rounded out the top Nay recipients.

Explore the full Labor industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (300) — Technology Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 132 Democrats — $403K avg — (41.9%) — (51.3%)
• 168 Republicans — $734K avg — (37.9%) — (49.2%)

Nay (54) — Technology Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 44 Democrats — $312K avg — (39.1%) — (52.8%)
• 10 Republicans — $267K avg — (29.6%) — (58.8%)

On March 13, 2024, the House voted 300-54 to pass the Protecting Americans from Foreign Adversary Controlled Applications Act, the bill widely understood as targeting TikTok and similar apps.

The average Yea voter had received 1.9x the technology money of the average Nay voter. The bill split both parties, but the money gap still favored the side backing the restrictions.

The Yea side was more PAC-funded and a bit less grassroots-funded than the opposition. Republicans on the Yea side averaged especially large technology totals.

Mike Johnson (R-LA) led all Yea voters with $15.4M in technology money, followed by Elijah Crane (R-AZ, $11.1M) and Elissa Slotkin (D-MI, $10.5M).

Explore the full Technology industry page to see where this money flows.

Yea (312) — Energy Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 143 Democrats — $125K avg — (43.0%) — (50.0%)
• 169 Republicans — $238K avg — (37.5%) — (49.6%)

Nay (33) — Energy Money — PAC Avg % — Grassroots Avg %

• 33 Democrats — $39K avg — (32.1%) — (61.6%)
• 0 Republicans

On February 28, 2024, the House voted 312-33 to pass the Atomic Energy Advancement Act. The bill would streamline the regulatory path for building new nuclear power plants.

The average Yea voter had received 4.8x the energy money of the average Nay voter — a substantial gap in a broadly bipartisan vote.

The Yea side was more PAC-funded and less grassroots-funded than the Nay side. Republicans on the Yea side averaged the most energy money, but Democratic supporters also far outpaced the Democratic opposition.

Mike Carey (R-OH) led all Yea voters with $1.1M in energy money, followed by Frank Pallone (D-NJ, $895K), Paul Tonko (D-NY, $852K), Darin LaHood (R-IL, $809K), and Richard Neal (D-MA, $803K).

Explore the full Energy industry page to see where this money flows.